RED class--colonial America webnotes
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posted by JTF @ 10:01 AM
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15 Comments:
NOTES ON SALEM WITCH TRIAL:
• Salem witch trials of hearings by local magistrates and counting court trials to prosecute people who have alleged to have committed acts of witchcraft. The hearings were conducted in Salem village Ipswich Andover and Salem town, Massachusetts. In February 1692 and May 1693, over 150 people were arrested and Imprisoned
• 1629: Salem is settled.
• 1641: English law makes witchcraft a capital crime.
• 1688: Following an argument with laundress Goody Glover, Martha Goodwin, 13, begins exhibiting bizarre behavior. Days later her younger brother and two sisters exhibit similar behavior. Glover is arrested and tried for bewitching the Goodwin children. Mather takes Martha Goodwin into his house. Her bizarre behavior continues and worsens.
• November 1689: Samuel Parris is named the new minister of Salem.
• January 20, 1692: Eleven-year old Abigail Williams and nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris begin behaving much as the Goodwin children acted four years earlier. Soon Ann Putnam Jr. and other Salem girls begin acting similarly.
• Mid-February, 1692: Doctor Griggs, who attends to the "afflicted" girls, suggests that witchcraft may be the cause of their strange behavior.
• (This is when people thought that witchcraft is the reason so many of the children have been acting strangely)
• Late-February, 1692: Pressured by ministers and townspeople to say who caused her odd behavior, Elizabeth identifies Tituba. The girls later accuse Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne of witchcraft.
• February 29, 1692: Arrest warrants are issued for Tituba, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne.
• Late-March: In late March the accused were arrested and imprisoned for practicing witchcraft.
• They await their fate to ether die a lonely life in prison, or are sentenced to death.
• Years later they discovered witchcraft was a fictional practice and not the cause of the bizarre behavior.
• 1702: The General Court declares the 1692 trials unlawful.
• 1711: The colony passes a legislative bill restoring the rights and good names of those accused of witchcraft and grants 600 pounds in restitution to their heirs.
• 1752: Salem Village is renamed Danvers.
• 1957: Massachusetts formally apologizes for the events of 1692.
• 1992: On the 300th anniversary of the trials, a witchcraft memorial designed by James Cutler is dedicated in Salem.
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASAL_CH.HTM
www.wikipedia.org
www.salemweb.com/memorial
www.salemwitchtrials.com
The Puritan belief system greatly shaped how we live today in America.
• For example, their organized government and strict discipline in unison worked as a structure in establishing our government today. Otherwise, American people today would be more lax with standard if not for our well-shaped government.
Puritanism of the 1600’s also affected us in other ways.
• Some stores today are closed on Sunday, the Sabbath, as it is a resting day.
• However, the Puritans’ idea of the Sabbath was much more extreme; they could not cook, make beds, cut hair, shave, kiss their children, or cross a river on this day.
• Their Sabbath Day began at Saturday’s sunset.
These are examples of several of their “Blue Laws”, which were enacted by the people of the “dominion of New Haven”.
They were called “Blue” laws because they were written on blue paper.
• They were also not allowed to play simple games with cards and dice.
• They couldn’t eat mince pies, dance, or play musical instruments, except for the drum, trumpet, or jewsharp.
• Dating was extremely strict also. For not attaining parents’ consent, you could be fined or imprisoned. Today, having a boyfriend at a young age is just as common as having a dog.
• The early people of New England created such strict laws that banned fancy types of clothing, birth control, and the purchase of alcohol on certain days.
The first “Blue Law” was enacted in Virginia in 1617
• Forced colonists to attend church
• Many people say that the “Blue Laws” were named by the color of paper they were printed on, they were called this because the word “blue” was commonly used in the 18th century as a reference to rigid moral codes.
Puritan’s Positive Legacy for America
• We get to enjoy yummy Thanksgiving thanks to the Pilgrims/Puritans.
• We derived hunting, bowling, swimming, and archery from them.
• The Mayflower Compact was extremely an extremely important document in the development of our government today in America.
• Legacy of regular elections, secret ballot, the federalist principle and instigation of the separation between Church and state.
http://personal.pitnet.net/primarysources/bluelaws.html
http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/controversies/1095380608.html
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33552-2004Dec3.html
http://www.texnews.com/opinion97/hart112697.html
Love, Dani & Lauren <3
Failure and the End Of Puritanism.
some reasons to why puritanism failed are :
- because elements of religious power were lost
- the failure to work out a church government
- Puritans were forced to form alliances with secular ministries
- the failure of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth government
- "In 1691 the Salem witch trials showed the weakness of the Puritan church by executing innocent people."
- The Great Awakening officially ended Puritanism
- the main problem was that they stood against traditions of the English life
- there were questions of religious disagreements
- the people were suffering under prosecution
- Puritanism created new forms of protestantism
- it failed to settle with the lack of interest the public had for the disturbance of their old patterns of life
- it is thought that Puritanism destroyed itself because of how strict it was
Sources: http://onepearsallandhisbooks.blogspot.com/2004/11/puritan-failure-to-reform-public.html
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371(198707)26%3A3%3C347%3ABATPR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B
www.bookrags.com/essay-2004/1/28/192153/849
Native American Indian Culture
• The Native Americans had 4 basic commandments given by the great spirit. They were:
1) Respect Mother Earth
2) Respect the Great Spirit
3) Respect our fellow man and woman
4) Respect for individual freedom
• Conflicts and wars between the Europeans and the Native Americans continued until the 1890s.
• The Native Americans often scalped the dead that they killed during a war
• When the Native Americans signed a treaty they didn’t realize that they had sold their land instead of just the right to use it
• The Pequot War was fought in 1637, probably over land disagreements
• When the Native Americans encountered the Europeans they were quickly driven elsewhere in the country due to the growing numbers of the Europeans
• Most of the native people believe in an all-powerful creator that they referred to as “Master Spirit”
• They also believed in an evil being that came to bring suffering, death and disaster
• Many conflicts led to wars, such as the Powhatan Confederacy, Pequot War, King Phillip’s War, Pueblo Revolt, and the French and Indian War
• By the time the America’ s were discovered thee were already 10 million Native Americans living
• The Native Americans sided with the British during the French and Indian War because of their own rivalries for land and power.
• http://nativeamericanrhymes.com/library/conflicts/overview.htm
• http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553925/indian_wars.html
• http://nationalhumanititescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/natrel.htm
Many of the states, cities, lakes, and other landforms were named after the early Native Americans. About half the states in the USA recieved their names from Indian words such as the state of Kentucky which was Iroquian meaning "land of tomorrow." Other Indian-named places were:
-Alabama: Choctaw word meaning "thicket-clearers"
-Alaska: Aleut word meaning "great land"
-Arizona: Arizonac word meaning "little spring"
-Chicago (Illinois): Algonquian word meaning "garlic field"
-Chesapeake Bay: Algonquian word meaning "village"
-Connecticut: Indian word meaning "beside the long tidal river"
-Illinois: Algonquian word meaning "tribe of superior men"
-Indiana: meaning "land of the Indians"
-Massachusetts: Indian word meaning "about the great hill"
-Michigan: Indian word meaning "great lake"
-Mississippi: Indian word meaning "father of waters"
-Minnesota: Dakota Indian word meaning "sky-tinted water"
-Malibu (California): named from the Chumash Indians
-Niagra Falls: named after the Iroquoian town "Ongiaahra"
-Oklahoma: Choctaw word meaning "red people"
-Roanoke (Virginia): Algonquian word meaning "shell money"
-Saratoga (New York): Mohawk word meaning "springs from the hillside"
-Lake Tahoe: Washo word meaning "big water"
-Texas: Indian word meaning "friends"
-Wyoming: Delaware Indian word meaning "mountains and valleys"
-Manhattan (New York): Algonquian word meaning "isolated thing in the water"
Source: www.infoplease.com
Edward Taylor:
Edward Taylor was born in Leicestershire, England in 1642. He originally worked as a schoolteacher, but later left England for the United States. He studied divinity at Harvard and then became a minister in Massachusetts.
Taylor worked as a minister for sixty years. During that time wrote a great deal of poetry and has become known as one of the best writers of the Puritan times. His poetry has a religious quality and emphasis is given to self-examination, particularly in an individual's relations to God.
Huswifrey
by Edward Taylor
Make me, O Lord, thy Spinning Wheele compleat;
Thy Holy Worde my Distaff make for mee.
Make mine Affections thy Swift Flyers neate,
And make my Soule thy holy Spoole to bee.
My Conversation make to be thy Reele,
And reele the yarn thereon spun of thy Wheele.
Make me thy Loome then, knit therein this Twine:
And make thy Holy Spirit, Lord, winde quills:
Then weave the Web thyselfe. The yarn is fine.
Thine Ordinances make my Fulling Mills.
Then dy the same in Heavenly Colours Choice,
All pinkt with Varnish't Flowers of Paradise.
Then cloath therewith mine Understanding, Will,
Affections, Judgment, Conscience, Memory;
My Words and Actions, that their shine may fill
My wayes with glory and thee glorify.
Then mine apparell shall display before yee
That I am Cloathd in Holy robes for glory.
Conceit is the use of metaphors as a literary characteristic, especially in poetry. The conceit of Huswifery compares the process of cloth making to God's salvation of man. It suggests at the end that one’s own glory is not the object; it’s being a transformed person that is glorification of God.
http://www.puritansermons.com/poetry/taylor14.htm
Jill Fileti and Drew Mink
Biography of Anne Bradstreet
• Born in Northhampton in 1612
• Father’s name was Thomas Dudley, Mother’s name was Dorothy York
• Anne did not attend a traditional school, but her parents provided her with 8 tutors.
• Anne grew up spending most of her free time reading and writing in libraries.
• In 1628, Anne married her father’s assistant, Simon Bradstreet.
• In 1629, Anne’s father and Husband joined a Puritan group whose job was to protect the Puritan beliefs from those such as the Bishop.
• Anne eventually went on a 3 month sailing expedition to the New World.
• Later in life, Anne gave birth to 8 children.
• Anne enjoyed writing so much that she still managed to do so in her free time.
• Anne was criticized about her poetry because people in her time, many having biased attitudes, thought she stole it from men.
• Nevertheless, Anne continued writing.
Sources: http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/16071783/lit/bradstre.htm
http://shenessex.heartland.net/local/scs/shs/faculty/dickerson/term197class/Jill/Bradstreet.html
http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Bradstreet/bradbio.htm
History in Colonial Williamsburg
• Williamsburg was the center of commerce and government by the middle of the 18th century
• 1765 Patrick Henry delivered his Stamp Act speech at the House of Burgesses here
• Tailors, carpenters bakers, merchants and slaves all worked to form the economic nucleus for the new governmental system being built for the capitol by their politicians and lawyers
• Governor Patrick Henry moved the capitol to Richmond. Not many people lived there anymore and the only thing that remained was the public hospital for the insane and the colleges William and Mary
• Williamsburg was the capitol of the British colony in 1699 known then as the “Middle Plantation”
• 1722 the town received a royal character and officially became the city of Williamsburg
During the mid-late 1700s
• Average marrying age: Women 22
Men 27
• Literate adults: women 50%
Men 60%
• Average age of death: Women 42
Men 45
• Average household size: no slave holding family 3 whites
Slaveholder family 4.5 whites
Slaves per household 5 blacks
Religion in Colonial Williamsburg
➢ The church was supported by tax dollars
➢ Virginians not tolerant of non-Christian religions
➢ White women were primary guardians of religious life
➢ Law mandated Virginians worship in the Anglican Church
Sources
http://www.williamsburg.com/history.cfm?subcategoryID=136&newUserLocation=1
www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/cw/history
www.history.org/almanak/life/religion/religionva.cfm
Dissenters in the Puritan Colonies
-The outspoken separatists constantly threatened Puritanism
-Puritans were a very isolated community because they didn’t let other religions pollute their pure faith.
-These separatists or religious dissenters posed a serious threat to the integrity of the Puritan’s Divine Mission.
Roger Williams
-Arrived in 1630 at Boston.
-Preached at the towns of Salem ad Plymouth.
-Denied the Massachusetts Charter.
-Preached that the Puritans had separated from the Church of England.
-His religious beliefs did not adhere to the Puritan Doctrine.
-In 1635 the Puritan leaders had had enough and banished him.
-Traveled to Rhode Island and Founded Providence.
Thomas Hooker
-Came to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633.
-Became the minister of Cambridge.
-Had the job of defending the Puritan faith against separatism and radical religious beliefs.
-Disliked the strictness of the Puritan governors
-Founded Connecticut after a falling out with the Puritans.
Anne Hutchinson
-Arrived in New England in 1634.
-Preached heresy against the Puritan doctrine.
-Believed in a covenant of grace
-Faith alone could earn you salvation.
-Believed that the Holy Spirit revealed these teachings to her directly.
-Had religious meetings at her house where she preached her heretic teachings
-She was exiled to Rhode Island after an infamous, unfair trial presided over by John Winthrop and other Puritan leaders.
-Moved to New Netherland where Indians raided the settlements and killed Hutchinson and all her children except one.
-John Winthrop and other Puritans thought this was punishment from God for her heresy.
http://www.rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm
http://www.infoplease.info/ce6/people/A0852336.html
http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ctto1763/hooker.htm
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Hooker-T.html
http://search.eb.com/women/article-9041641
http://www.projo.com/specials/women/94root1.htm
Drew Mink & Jilly Fileti
English Red
9/14/07
Criticism of Anne Bradstreet’s Poetry
• Anne Bradstreet was given lots of recognition for her work “The Tenth Muse.”
• In the 1800’s more of her works were released but weren’t as recognized.
• Many people criticized her for her puritan writing style.
• She was not really discovered until the 1800’s.
• The criticism of her poems were often because of the byist critics that thought she stole her poetry from men.
Themes of Anne Bradstreet’s Poetry
• Anne Bradstreet’s poems were for the most part of a religious theme.
• She often wrote with a mixture of religion and individual belief.
• She sometimes used very obvious sexual imagery in her works.
Sources:
http://www.enotes.com/literary-criticism/bradstreet-anne
http://web.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap1/bradstreet.html
Biography
• William Bradford was born in Austerfield, England in the year 1590.
• Both of his parents died when he was young,
• Later in life, he joined the Puritan religious group, the Separatists, feeling the need to separate from the Church of England.
• In order to escape capture and persecution, they fled to the Netherlands.
• Bradford negotiated a patent for legal permission for a settlement and a voyage to the new world
• On the Mayflower, 102 people boarded the ship and made way across the Atlantic Ocean. Bradford’s wife fell over-board and drowned.
• They established their own government and lived along the sea.
• William Bradford became governor of the colony when John Carver died in 1621.
• He wrote History of Plymouth Plantation just before he died in 1656.
The First Thanksgiving
• The first Thansgiving was celebrated in October of 1621
• It celebrated the first harvest of all the food the pilgrims had planted
• The feast lasted three days consisting of feasting and games.
• The pilgrims celebrated with the native people from the tribes of the Massasoit and Wampanoag.
Squanto
• He was an English speaking Indian from the Patuxet tribe.
• He lived there until he agreed to go to England with some traveling merchants.
• He lived in England for a couple of years then got homesick so he traveled back to America.
• There he met the Pilgrims and helped them establish a more permenant settlement
• He helped them build warmer better houses, and how to plant and grown things such as corn.
• Helped the pilgrims establish treaties and friendships with other Indian tribes.
• He was an interpreter, hunting guide, and advice giver to the Pilgrims.
• He lived with them for 18 months until he finally returned home to his native people.
www.workersforjesus.com
www.pilgrimhall.org
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAbradfordW.htm
http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm
Puritan Education Notes
In the 1600s, colonies had finally settled in America. Among these colonies were Massechusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth.
Both of these colonies happened to be Puritan colonies. In the 1600s, most people were not educated.
Most couldn't read or write and this became a major obstacle in the growing of the nation.
The Puritans decided to do something about it.
In 1635, the Puritans started the first formal [ Public] school that offered free education. This school was called Roxbury Latin School.
Children ages 6-8 attended school, known as "Dame School", that was taught usually by a widow. It emphasized reading, but math was barely learned.
In 1639, the Puritans established the first American college. It was established by John Harvard. Naturally, the college was named Harvard and it was located in Cambridge.
Harvard was mainly a religious education school. Over the years, it developed into a school that gave students a well rounded education (Grammar, Math, Science, Social Studies, etc.).
For Puritans, the goal of education was to know the "Christian nurture and growth.
Sources:
http://nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/puritans.html
roads.virgnia.edu/~CAP/puritan/purhist.html
The life of a Puritan was everything but simple. It was understood that each member of the family played an essential role:
-The children-
Expected to be productive members of the household.
When they misbehaved, they were physically disciplined by their parents. Most of their discipline was inspired by scripture stories out of the Bible.
-Men-
In the patriarchal, Puritan society, the husband was the authority figure of the household.
Marriage courts enforced the duty of a husband to support his wife, as English Common Law provided that when a woman married, she gave all her property to her husband, losing her separate civil identity in his.
Men could not order their wives to do anything contrary to God's teachings.
-Women-
Puritan women were the managers of the household, much like modern day society .
Duties included housekeeping, educating her children, keeping and improving what is purchased by the husband.
without property in New England, the women had real authority in the family, although hers derived from different sources from her husband’s.
-Servants-
Although not all families had some type of servant, those that did had complete control over them.
Even the children had more authority than the servant.
Families still treated their servants very decently, feeding and housing them.
www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/puritans.html
nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/erelwom.htm
members.aol.com/kptacek/fwpne.html
John Winthrop
- Born in Edwardston, near Groton, Suffolk, England, on January 22nd 1588.
- Was an English colonist
- Was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay colony
- He sailed for New England and wrote the first journal entry for the Massachusetts Bay Colony and continued the journal for the rest of his life.
- Was a puritan lawyer
- He showed the harsh aspect of puritan laws when he exiled Anne Hutchinson and her followers for their opposing views.
- Set up Massachusetts Bay’s center of government in Boston
- Was the first governor of Massachusetts Bay for 4 terms (1629-34, 1637-40, 1642-44, 1646-49)
- His main goal was to form a devout, godly, Puritan community.
- Portrayed as a man of culture, decision and great strength of character.
- Famous for his “City upon a Hill” speech
- "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us."
- He wanted to make a city to show other people how to live their lives.
- People who have borrowed from Winthrop’s vision include John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Michael Dukakis, Walter Mondale and Bill Clinton.
- Jesus had a similar sermon when he was preaching on a mountain, Mattew 5:14-16
- Winthrop also introduced the idea of Manifest Destiny which told people to carry on God’s mission and set a good example for other people in the world.
- http://www.kosmicki.com/234/cityhill.htm
- http://web.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap1/winthrop.html
- http://www.virtualology.com/johnwinthrop.com/
- http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9534864
- http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=America_is_a_shining_city_upon_a_hill
By: Nick Broujos & Nick Canning
Colonial America notes
1620--Separatists landed at Plymouth
(not called Pilgrims until 1840, no Plymouth Rock until 1740)
Three major elements of Puritanism
1. grace in order to be saved--- “the elect”, John Calvin and predestination, work ethic for success as a sign of grace, kept diaries and spiritual autobiographies to trace the improvements in their lives which indicated a better possibility of being in the state of grace
2. plainness for giving all glory to God---Bible, meeting houses, dress, writing in the plain style (Cotton Mather)
3. DIVINE MISSION “city upon a hill” they were on a divine mission to provide an example for all others to follow—God’s providence
Manifest destiny
Spreading democracy across the world
All three of these ideas became part of New England and American ideals
Harvard University created to teach men the Bible
1Witch trials in Salem—1692
Great Awakening 1730-1740
---Puritan revival marked by fire and brimstone style preaching by ministers like Jonathan Edwards
William Bradford,
governor of Plymouth for thirty years—
saw America as a nation “dedicated to and sustained by God”
"History of the Plymouth Plantation"
Squanto . . . was an instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation
September 6. These troubles being blown over, and now all being compact together in one ship, they put to sea again with a prosperous wind, which continued divers days together, which was some encouragement unto them; yet according to the usual manner many were afflicted with sea sickness.
And I may not omit here a special work of God's providence. There was a proud and very profane young man, one of the sea-men, of a lusty, able body, which made him the more haughty; he would always be condemning the poor people in their sickness, and cursing them daily with grievous execrations, and did not let to tell them, that he hoped to help to cast half of them overboard before they came to their journey's end, and to make merry with what they had; and if he were by any gently reproved, he would curse and swear most bitterly. But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard. Thus his curses light on his own head; and it was an astonishment to all his fellows, for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him.
The Southern colonies
1607- John Smith and Jamestown
Belonged to the Church of England
came to make money
to spread the Anglican faith
Set up plantations
Southern planters became sort of a pseudo- aristocracy
Anne Bradstreet – men can do best, and women know it well
First colonial poet published
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (her book of poetry)
Tenth muse is an allusion to mythology
Rhymed couplets, meter, paradox, hyperbole, metaphor
comparisons to her love for her husband
"Upon the Burning of our House" poem----sign not to treasure up things of this world
Edward Taylor—conceit poet, huswifery –granting of grace compared to housewife spinning a garment
Jonathan Edwards- The Great Awakening
"fire and brimstone" style
a sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Metaphors for God’s wrath---thunderstorm, flood waters, fire, bow and arrow
His resolutions – esp. the no laughing on the Sabbath, speak evil of someone, live my life as if it were my last hour on earth
Diary for examinations of resolutions
Allusion to Sodom
Jerry Falwell comments
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